Theories and Models 

Planners utilized theories/models to design an effective health promotional programs. There are many theories and 

models for health promotional programs. The most common theories include:

• Theory of Planned Behavior posits that three fundamental components—attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—collectively influence an individual's behavioral intentions.  A key idea of the TPB is that a person's intentions are the main factor that influences their actions (Figure 1).

• Social Cognitive Theory posits that individuals who observe a model (someone doing something) and its resultant consequences retain the sequence of events and utilize this information to inform future behaviors (Figure 2). 

• Health Belief Model is a psychological framework that seeks to elucidate and forecast health behaviors by concentrating on individual attitudes and beliefs (Figure 3).

• The Socio-Ecological Model helps understand the influencing factors of individual decisions to engage in health-related behavioral change. The framework generally has five layers of influence: intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, environmental, and policy (Figure 4) .

• The Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change posits that change is a process that entails advancement through a sequence of stages. The constructs include six stages and relapse which is not a stage on its own (it means going back from Maintenance to Action stage to an earlier stage (Figure 5).